Nanocomposites Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Magnetite Nanoparticles, and Core–Shell Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Piezoelectric Sensors for the Determination of Macrolide Antibiotics

Abstract

A piezoelectric sensor with a recognition layer based on magnetic carbon nanocomposites, including multi-walled carbon nanotubes, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and polymer nanospheres with molecular imprints of erythromycin and azithromycin, obtained by the “core–shell” method, is developed. Silicon dioxide particles are used as cores, on the surface of which a shell molecularly imprinted with macrolides is synthesized by free radical polymerization or the sol–gel method. SiO2 particles are obtained by the Stober method by varying the ratio of reagents during the synthesis. The size of the cores and nanoparticles of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) is determined by atomic force microscopy, and the density and uniformity of the layer on the surface of magnetic carbon nanocomposites (MCNC) are determined by the piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance method. The optimal ratio of the reagents (template : functional monomer : cross-monomer) is established by a spectrophotometric method during the synthesis of “core–shell” nanostructures by free radical polymerization. A thin shell of SiO2 with imprints of an antibiotic based on organosilicon compounds used in the synthesis of the core is formed by the sol–gel method on the surface of the silicon dioxide core. The sensor recognition layer is formed under the action of an external magnetic field. The dependence of the analytical signal of the sensor based on MIP@SiO2/MCNC on concentration is linear in the range 5–160 µg/mL for azithromycin and 10–160 µg/mL for erythromycin, and with a recognition layer based on SiO2@SiO2/MCNC, in the concentration range 20–400 µg/mL for erythromycin.