Reconstruction of Derogenes varicus miracidium (Digenea: Derogenidae): first ultrastructural description of spines on the surface of Hemiurata larvae

Abstract

We performed the detailed ultrastructural reconstruction of the “passive” miracidium of Derogenes varicus - the species from Hemiurata group. The miracidium is highly miniaturized and simplified in comparison with the “active” miracidia. For the first time we elucidate the nature of the spines on the surface of hemiuroid larva: they are derivatives of the epithelial plates. The anterior end of the larva is equipped with three epithelial plates, that bear both spines and cilia. The major part of the miracidial surface is formed by tegument. The nervous and excretory systems of the D. vari cus miracidium are extremely reduced. Single undifferentiated cell comprises the germinal material of the miracidium. We discuss the trends of evolution of hemiuroid miracidia that are associated with transition to passive strategy of infection.