Supercapacitors for extreme temperatures. Review

Abstract

This review considers the literature on electrochemical supercapacitors (ECSC) operating at extreme temperatures from –80°C to +220°C, which is very important for practice. The influence of the following methods and factors on the efficiency of the ECSC at extreme temperatures is considered: the use of ionic liquids as an electrolyte: the use of a modified gel electrolyte, a combined electrolyte, aqueous electrolytes with a low freezing point; the use of acetonitrile as an electrolyte solvent; the use of clay as a solid electrolyte; application of solid-state EСSC; application of electrodes with an optimized porous structure; the use of graphene and pseudocapacitive electrodes; the use of solar cells; use of combined techniques to create supercapacitors for extreme temperatures. Undoubtedly. This review will be of great interest both for fundamental electrochemistry and for practice.