1. J. A. Fitzmyer, "The Languages of Palestine in the First Century ad," CBQ 32 (1970) 501-31; repr. with corrections and additions in S. E. Porter (ed.), The Language of the New Testament: Classic Essays (JSNTSup 60; Shef- field: JSOT Press, 1991) 126-62.
2. W. V. Harris, Ancient Literacy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989) esp. 116-46
3. B. Spolsky, "Bilingualism," in Linguistics: The Cam- bridge bridge Survey, vol. 4: Language: The Socio-cultural Context (ed. F. }. Newmeyer; Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) 100-118.
4. H. Baetens Beardsmore, Bilingualism: Basic Principles (Multilingual Matters 1; 1; Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1982; 2d ed., 1986) esp. 1-42
5. W. Downes, Language and Society (London: Fontana, 1984) 65-71.