Different Types of Stress as Highly Complex Endocrine and Biochemical Phenomena: A Reappraisal

Abstract

The review is presented for description of physiologic and cellular stress types, together with stress phenomena, factors, reactions, mediators and outcomes. The high complexity of stress phenomena is outlined, discussing various details of HPA axis beyond its classical general scheme. Some ontogenetic and chronobiologic aspects of stress are presented, and stressful procedures of cell culturing are mentioned. It is proposed that future research efforts should be directed especially to borderline area between physiologic and cellular stress and to the comparisons of their subtypes.