Inhaled loxapine for acute agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Abstract

Agitation is a common presentation in medical and psychiatric emergency departments, as well as clinics. Agitation ranges in severity and as the agitation rises, the choices for treatment lessen. The agitated patient is typically less cooperative, necessitating use of medications that cannot be diverted – usually rapid-dissolving forms or intramuscular medications. There is currently a medication/device being studied that can be used with this patient population. The medication is older but the device is an entirely new concept. Staccato® loxapine offers rapid delivery of loxapine via an inhaled device. The aerosol is able to penetrate deep into the lung, allowing for quick delivery to systemic circulation. The studies have been favorable, showing intravenous-like pharmacokinetics and rapid onset effect. As the delivery method is noninvasive, it is a more patient-friendly alternative to intramuscular medication.