1. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
2. Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
3. Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
4. Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
5. Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
6. Department of Surgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA
7. Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
8. Biomedical Advanced Research & Development Authority, US Department of Health & Human Services, Washington, DC 20201, USA
9. Department of Community & Behavioral Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
10. Avera eCARE, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
11. Department of Family Medicine, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
12. Department of Pharmacy Practice & Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
13. Department of Pharmaceutical Care, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Department of Health Management & Policy, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
14. Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
15. Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA