1. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
2. Department of Anesthesia, Division of Critical Care, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
3. Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
4. Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
5. Department of Health Management & Policy, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
6. Avera eCARE, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
7. Department of Family Medicine, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
8. Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
9. Department of Geographical & Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA