Aging and the brain renin–angiotensin system: relevance to age-related decline in cardiac function

Abstract

This article discusses evidence that impairments in control of autonomic outflow mediated by the brain renin–angiotensin system (RAS) contribute to the decline in baroreceptor reflex function and the development of insulin resistance that accompany hypertension and excess salt intake, especially during aging. Imbalances in the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic limbs of the autonomic nervous system observed in older subjects underlie changes in heart-rate variability and play a role in the regulation of overall cardiac function. Age-related alterations in autonomic nervous system function may also explain the age-associated alterations in metabolism. Reduced heart-rate variability is linked to increased mortality in patients with cardiovascular disorders and, coupled with information that is known about local changes in the cardiac and brain RAS during aging, the evidence reveals potential mechanisms for the protective effects of systemic blockade of the RAS against age-related changes that impact the heart.