Radiology diagnostics of spinal corel injury in early children: a prospective study

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord injury (SCI) in young children includes a relatively higher prevalence of cervical spine injury, multiple thoracic vertebral compression fractures, and spinal cord injury. Spinal cord injuries without radiological changes/signs of fractures or dislocations (SCIWORA) also occur in young children. X-ray assessment of damage to immature vertebrae and cartilage in young children is difficult, since incompletely formed vertebral bodies can be confused with fractures. Accordingly, an MRI is required, which provides a detailed anatomical image of all structures of the spinal column and also diagnoses damage to the spinal cord, ligaments and muscles.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibilities of methods of radiation diagnosis of spinal cord injury in young children (up to 3 years).MATERIAL AND METHODS: 20 children aged from 11 months up to 3 years old were studied with spinal cord injury. X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. The standard MRI protocol for SCI in children under 3 years of age included: MR myelography in the coronary and sagittal projections, sagittal projection STIR, DTI and T2WI FS SE, axial projection T2WI FS SE or T2*WI FS GE; coronary projection T2WI SE; 3D T1WI FS GE before and after contrast enhancement.RESULTS: An analysis of the data of patients included in the category of polytrauma was carried out. The causes of SCI in these patients were road accidents and falls from various heights. X-ray and CT scans were uninformative, and had large discrepancies with MRI results. All anatomical and morphological changes revealed by MRI correlated well with clinical manifestations and corresponded to the classification of the level and severity of spinal cord injury (ASIA). An increase in the volume and change in the signal of the spinal cord due to edema and / or hemorrhage in the spinal cord is the main sign of damage to the spinal cord, and is best indicated on T2WI and STIR, as a hyperintense signal.DISCUSSION: MRI is critical in the emergency assessment of spinal cord injury or compression to predict the outcome of SCI. There is currently no spinal cord imaging technique that can compete with MRI. Increased volume and signal changes in the spinal cord due to edema and/or hemorrhage are a sign of spinal cord injury and are best demonstrated on T2WI and STIR as a hyperintense signal. Incomplete spinal cord injury is also manifested by a hyperintense signal on T2WI and/or FLAIR, which in intensity and extent correlates with the degree of injury. Hemorrhagic injuries are better detected using T2*GRE or SWI, and spinal cord edema is better detected using T2WI SE and STIR. In addition, STIR can identify bone marrow edema in injured vertebrae, even when the injury is not detected on CT.CONCLUSION: When performing MRI in patients with SCI, three quantitative parameters should be assessed: the maximum damage to the spinal cord, the maximum compression of the spinal cord, and the length of the affected area. In addition to the results of quantitative parameters, potential predictive qualitative MRI findings should be evaluated such as intramedullary hemorrhage, focal and diffuse spinal cord edema, soft tissue injury, probable stenosis before injury, and disc herniation.