HIV-infection in the Russian Federation: current diagnostic trends

Abstract

The aim of the study: to analyse diagnostic trends of HIV-infection in the Russian Federation in the period 2017–2022. Materials and methods. The study used data obtained from reports from the Federal Register of persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (FRHIV). The circumstances in HIV diagnosis and clinical and epidemiological characteristics of newly diagnosed patients, including CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, were analysed. A likely time window between presumed infection and confirmation of HIV diagnosis was also determined. Categorical data evaluated in the study were presented as proportions and caparisoned using the chi-square test (χ2). In case of multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni correction for multiplicity was used. Quantitative data were tested for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion. In most cases, nonparametric characteristics of distributions — median and interquartile range — were applied, as well as the Mann-Whitney criteria for comparison of two independent groups and the Kraskell-Wallis criteria for comparison more than two groups, followed by pair wise comparisons using the Mann-Whitney criterion with Bonferroni multiplicity correction. A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data analysis and graphical visualization was performed using the statistical software R version 4.1.1 and its libraries.Results and discussion. The results showed an increase in HIV detection through voluntary testing, preventive medical examination, and clinical indications. The proportion of injecting drug users (IDUs) decreased over time, while the involvement of women in the epidemic process and heterosexual transmission increased. Additionally, there was an increase in the proportion of patients aged 35 years and older. The analysis of CD4-cell counts revealed significant differences among gender and age subgroups. Women had higher absolute CD4-lymphocyte counts throughout the follow-up period. Patients aged 0–14 years had the highest proportion of CD4-lymphocytes over 500 cells/μL, while patients over 50 years old had the highest proportion of CD4-lymphocytes less than 200 cells/μL. Men who have sex with men and people infected through mother-to-child transmission had the highest mean baseline CD4-cell counts. IDUs and heterosexuals had a statistically significant decrease in CD4-cell counts over the follow-up period and also had the longest median time from infection to disease detection — 24 and 20 months, respectively.Conclusion: Thus, this study helps identify the most significant risk groups of HIV-infected individuals in Russia at present.