The Association Between Homelessness and Key Liver-Related Outcomes in Veterans With Cirrhosis

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Homelessness adversely affects patient outcomes in broad cohort studies; however, its impact on key liver-related outcomes in patients with cirrhosis is understudied. We aimed to address this knowledge gap using data from the Veterans Health Administration, a cohort disproportionately affected by homelessness. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of the Veterans Health Administration patients with incident cirrhosis diagnosis between January 2008 and February 2022. Homeless status was classified at baseline and as time-updating variable during follow-up. Inverse probability treatment weighted Cox regression was performed to evaluate the association between homelessness and outcomes of all-cause mortality, cirrhosis decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma. RESULTS: A total of 117,698 patients were included in the cohort, of whom 14,243 (12.1%) were homeless at baseline. In inverse probability treatment weighted Cox regression, homelessness was associated with a 24% higher hazard of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22–1.26, P < 0.001). However, in competing risk regression models, homelessness was associated with a reduced subhazard of decompensation (subhazard ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.84–0.88, P < 0.001) and hepatocellular carcinoma (subhazard ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.83–0.89, P < 0.001). In cause-specific mortality analysis, homeless patients had significantly increased non–liver-related and liver-related mortality; however, the magnitude of effect size was greater for non–liver-related mortality (csHR 1.38, 95% CI 1.35–1.40, P < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Homelessness in veterans with cirrhosis is associated with increased all-cause mortality; however, this is likely mediated primarily through non–liver-related factors. Future studies are needed to explore drivers of mortality and improve mitigation strategies in these patients.