Peculiarities of nutrition of patients with metabolic syndrome in the aspect of treatment and prevention

Abstract

The hallmark of metabolic syndrome (MS) is the associated risks of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, as well as other harmful conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, etc. In this article, we would like to highlight the available scientific evidence on the relationship between lifestyle changes and MS and its components in order to obtain recommendations for the prevention and treatment of MS. Body weight (BW) reduction through calorie-restricted diets, along with increased energy expenditure through physical activity, has been shown to aid in the prevention and treatment of MS. A Mediterranean diet with or without calorie restriction is an effective component of treatment. Due to the increased consumption of unsaturated fats, primarily from olive oil, and to emphasize the consumption of legumes, cereals (whole grains), fruits, vegetables, nuts, fish and low- fat dairy products, as well as moderate alcohol consumption. Other dietary patterns (DASH, Scandinavian and vegetarian diets) have also been suggested as alternatives for the treatment and prevention of MS. A mandatory condition is to stop smoking and reduce the consumption of sweetened beverages. These approaches are not effective in all patients, and more research is needed to determine the most appropriate therapy for MS. In summary, a healthy lifestyle is critical for preventing or delaying the onset of MS in susceptible individuals and preventing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in those who already have MS. The recommendations provided in this article should help patients and physicians understand and implement the most effective lifestyle modification approaches to prevent metabolic syndrome and improve cardiometabolic status.