The Role of Focal Epilepsy Features in Defining <i>SCN1A</i> Mutation-positive Dravet Syndrome as Generalized and Focal Epilepsy

Abstract

Background and Purpose: This study was aimed to describe focal epilepsy features of <i>SCN1A</i> mutation-positive Dravet syndrome patients.Methods: A total of 82 <i>SCN1A</i> mutation-positive patients were reviewed retrospectively (39 boys and 43 girls). Seizure type and electroencephalography (EEG) findings were investigated according to the stage, disease onset, and steady state (after age 2 years). Long-term video EEG data were used to classify the seizure type.Results: Focal seizures at onset and the steady state were found in 54.9% (45/82) and 90% (63/70) of patients, respectively. Afebrile focal seizures were an initial seizure in about one fourth of the patients (22/82, 26.8%). Of 48 seizures captured during long-term video EEG monitoring of 30 patients, 19 seizures were classified as focal onset (39.6%). Of the 19 focal seizures, 12 were either focal motor or focal non-motor seizures, and seven were focal onset bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. Focal epileptiform discharges were more frequent than generalized epileptiform discharges at seizure onset and during the clinical course on conventional EEG (3.7% vs. 0%, 52.9% vs. 32.9%, respectively).Conclusions: Our study provides a comprehensive description of focal epilepsy features of <i>SCN1A</i> mutation-positive Dravet syndrome patients. Recognizing these features as defining the clinical spectrum of Dravet syndrome may lead to earlier genetic diagnosis and tailored management.