The interactions between inflammation and insulin resistance: prospects of immunoregulation as a potential approach for the type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment

Abstract

In the modern world the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly increases. In this light the risks of obesity-associated complications also grow up. The crucial linkage between obesity and its complications is inflammation, which is a convenient target for potential anti-diabetic therapy. There are some anti-inflammatory therapy strategies: action on secreted cytokines, circulating lipids or intracellular signaling cascades. Canakinumab (antibody to IL-1b receptor) and colchicine (IL-6 secretion blocker) have the most balanced anti-diabetic and cardioprotective action among cytokine anti-inflammatory therapy. Lipid-lowering therapy is very diverse, but bempedoic acid nowadays has the best combination of anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects. Salicylate is an inhibitor of IKK-dependent inflammatory signaling cascade and significantly lowers glycated hemoglobin and C-reactive protein levels among obese patients. The future of anti-inflammatory T2DM therapy can be related with anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-37), chimeric engineered cytokines (IC7Fc), novel inhibitors of inflammatory and cytokines signaling cascades (imatinib, CC90001) and cell-based therapy (mesenchymal stem cells). In summary, despite on the limitations of current clinical trials, anti-inflammatory drugs have a potential to become a part of modern combined T2DM therapy with anti-diabetic and cardioprotective properties. Novel findings in potential anti-inflammatory T2DM therapy have great perspectives in protection against T2DM and related complication prevention.