Test–Retest Reliability, Criterion-Related Validity, and Ecological Validity of the Test of Visual–Motor Skills, Third Edition, in Kindergarten Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder

Abstract

Abstract Importance: Establishing empirical evidence on the psychometric properties of the Test of Visual–Motor Skills (3rd ed.; TVMS–3) is helpful for guiding its use as an assessment of visual–motor integration (VMI) skills in kindergarten children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Objective: To investigate the test–retest reliability, criterion-related validity, and ecological validity of the TVMS–3 in Taiwanese kindergarten children with DCD. Design: A nonexperimental, descriptive, correlational design. Setting: A hospital in Central Taiwan. Participants: Fifty-seven kindergarten children with DCD were recruited in the study. Outcomes and Measures: Intraclass correlation coefficient, percentage of minimal detectable change, and paired t test (Wilcoxon signed rank test) were used to investigate the test–retest reliability of the TVMS–3. The correlations (Pearson’s r) between the TVMS–3 accuracy score and the scores of each of the four domains and the adaptive behavior composite score of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (3rd ed.; Vineland–3) were calculated, respectively, to examine criterion-related validity and ecological validity. Results: The accuracy score of the TVMS–3 had excellent test–retest reliability and acceptable random measurement error. Moreover, it showed good criterion-related validity and sufficient ecological validity with the Vineland–3 in Taiwanese kindergarten children with DCD. Conclusions and Relevance: The accuracy score of the TVMS–3 is applicable to Taiwanese kindergarten children with DCD in clinical and research settings. Plain-Language Summary: The accuracy score of the Test of Visual–Motor Skills (3rd ed.; TVMS–3) is a useful assessment tool to detect deficits in visual–motor integration for Taiwanese kindergarten children with developmental coordination disorder. The TVMS–3 has excellent test–retest reliability, good criterion-related validity, and sufficient ecological validity.