Consumption of in natura and ultra-processed foods in adults: an analysis of social, metabolic, and lifestyle determinants

Abstract

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the social, metabolic, and lifestyle determinants of consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (FVG) and ultra-processed food (ULT) in adults from Pernambuco. Methods: Cross-sectional and analytical study, conducted in 2015/2016. In addition to sociodemographic variables, the determinants of lifestyle were level of physical activity, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and metabolic variables were self-reported hypertension, blood glucose, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Consumption was measured by the Food Frequency Questionnaire, then created the Frequency of Consumption Index (SFI) of the mean intake of ULT and FVG foods. The indices of FVG and ULT consumption were transformed into quartiles and these variables were included in the multinomial logistic regression, considering their determinants when p<0.05. Results: The sample was representative of the state, with 1,067 people being interviewed, whose intake of ULT was higher than that of FVG in the lowest and highest quartile of the consumption index. Consumption of fruit and vegetables was higher in higher consumption of alcoholic beverages (p=0.031) and BMI>25 kg/m2 (p=0.047); and lower in the lowest income (p=0.001). ULT intake was higher in young adults (p=0.005), lower income (p=0.044), and controlled blood glucose (p=0.021). Rural areas were 52% less exposed to medium-high ULT consumption (p<0.006). Conclusion: Higher rate of ULT consumption in relation to fresh foods, with income as a common determinant, inversely associated with ULT intake and directly related to FVG, which demands structuring policies.