Bone histomorphometry: a concise review for endocrinologists and clinicians

Abstract

Bone histomorphometry is a quantitative histological examination of an undecalcified bone biopsy performed to obtain quantitative information on bone remodeling and structure. Labeling agents taken before the procedure deposit at sites of bone formation allowing a dynamic analysis. Biopsy is indicated to make the diagnosis of subclinical osteomalacia, to characterize the different forms of renal osteodystrophy and to elucidate cases of unexplained skeletal fragility. Bone histomorphometric parameters are divided into structural and remodeling subgroups, with the latter being subdivided into static and dynamic categories. Metabolic bone disorders such as osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy display different histomorphometric profiles. Antiresorptive and anabolic drugs used for the treatment of osteoporosis also induce characteristic changes in the bone biopsy. Bone histomorphometry is an important research tool in the field of bone metabolism and provides information that is not available by any other investigative approach.