The role of physical exercise in the treatment of chronic diseases: an epigenetic approach

Abstract

Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity present a significant public health challenge worldwide. Physical exercise has emerged as an effective intervention for managing and preventing these conditions. Recent epigenetic research has shed light on how exercise can influence gene expression, offering a novel perspective on its impact on NCDs. This review examines the role of physical exercise in modulating the expression of genes associated with NCDs from an epigenetic standpoint. We discuss key genes implicated in chronic diseases, such as FTO, PPARγ, and GLUT4, and their regulation through different types of exercise, including aerobic capacity and strength training. Evidence suggests that aerobic exercise can reduce methylation of genes like PGC-1α, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis, while strength training influences genes like IGF-1, promoting muscle growth and regeneration. Understanding these epigenetic mechanisms provides new insights into personalized and effective interventions for chronic disease management.