Affiliation:
1. 1 Institute of Water and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4015, P. O. Box 36, Debrecen, Hungary
2. 2 Water Services Ltd. of Debrecen, H-4001, Debrecen, P. O. Box 88, Hungary
Abstract
Abstract
There are numerous biological agents including bacteria such as Brucella suis, B. abortus, Francisella tularensis, Burkholderia mallei, Coxiella burnetii, Yersina pestis, Bacillus anthracis and Chlamydia psittaci, viruses such as Variola major and V. minor, Flavivirus and Hantavirus, and toxins such as Botulinum toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus enterotoxin B and Trichothecene mycotoxin reported to have potential to cause illness via water consumption. In the recent years, biological threat prevention for urban water supply systems has been of special interest worldwide, thus, protection against biological agents requires adequate knowledge, available water treatment technologies and preparedness. In this review, the history of biological threat via public water supply, as well as selected early detection methods, prevention strategies and risk assessment models are detailed.
Subject
Management Science and Operations Research,General Engineering,Materials Science (miscellaneous),Information Systems,Environmental Engineering