Which conditions should be considered as disorders in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) designation of “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors”?

Author:

Brand Matthias12ORCID,Rumpf Hans-JÜrgen3,Demetrovics Zsolt4,MÜller Astrid5,Stark Rudolf67,King Daniel L.8,Goudriaan Anna E.91011,Mann Karl12,Trotzke Patrick12,Fineberg Naomi A.131415,Chamberlain Samuel R.1617,Kraus Shane W.18,Wegmann Elisa1,Billieux JoËl1920,Potenza Marc N.212223

Affiliation:

1. 1General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

2. 2Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany

3. 3Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group S:TEP (Substance Use and Related Disorders: Treatment, Epidemiology, and Prevention), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

4. 4Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

5. 5Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

6. 6Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany

7. 7Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany

8. 8College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

9. 9Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

10. 10Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

11. 11Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

12. 12Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

13. 13Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Hertfordshire, UK

14. 14Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK

15. 15School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

16. 16Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

17. 17Cambridge & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

18. 18University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Department of Psychology, Las Vegas, NV, USA

19. 19Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland

20. 20Centre for Excessive Gambling, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland

21. 21Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Child Study, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

22. 22Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA

23. 23Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundGambling and gaming disorders have been included as “disorders due to addictive behaviors” in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Other problematic behaviors may be considered as “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors (6C5Y).”MethodsNarrative review, experts' opinions.ResultsWe suggest the following meta-level criteria for considering potential addictive behaviors as fulfilling the category of “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors”:1. Clinical relevance: Empirical evidence from multiple scientific studies demonstrates that the specific potential addictive behavior is clinically relevant and individuals experience negative consequences and functional impairments in daily life due to the problematic and potentially addictive behavior.2. Theoretical embedding: Current theories and theoretical models belonging to the field of research on addictive behaviors describe and explain most appropriately the candidate phenomenon of a potential addictive behavior.3. Empirical evidence: Data based on self-reports, clinical interviews, surveys, behavioral experiments, and, if available, biological investigations (neural, physiological, genetic) suggest that psychological (and neurobiological) mechanisms involved in other addictive behaviors are also valid for the candidate phenomenon. Varying degrees of support for problematic forms of pornography use, buying and shopping, and use of social networks are available. These conditions may fit the category of “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors”.ConclusionIt is important not to over-pathologize everyday-life behavior while concurrently not trivializing conditions that are of clinical importance and that deserve public health considerations. The proposed meta-level-criteria may help guide both research efforts and clinical practice.

Funder

COST Action CA16207 “European Network for Problematic Usage of the Internet”, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). www.cost.eu.

Publisher

Akademiai Kiado Zrt.

Subject

Psychiatry and Mental health,Clinical Psychology,General Medicine,Medicine (miscellaneous)

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