The tectonics of introversion and extroversion: redefining interior and exterior oceans in the supercontinent cycle

Author:

Martin Erin Lee1ORCID,Cawood Peter A.1,Murphy J. Brendan23,Nance R. Damian4,Heron Phillip J.5

Affiliation:

1. School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia

2. Department of Earth Sciences, St Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada

3. Earth Dynamics Research Group, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR), School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, WA 6845, Australia

4. Department of Geological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45702, USA

5. Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada

Abstract

Abstract Supercontinent amalgamation is described by the end-member kinematic processes of introversion – closure of interior oceans; extroversion – closure of exterior oceans; or orthoversion – amalgamation 90° from the centroid of the previous supercontinent. However, supercontinent formations are often ascribed to contradictory mechanisms; for example, Pangaea has been argued to have formed by introversion from Pannotia/Gondwana, and extroversion from Rodinia. Conflicting interpretations arise partly from attempting to define oceans as interior or exterior based on palaeogeography or the age of the oceanic lithosphere relative to the time of supercontinent breakup. We define interior and exterior oceans relative to the external subduction ring, and associated accretionary orogens that surround amalgamated supercontinents. All oceans within the continental dominated cell and internal to the subduction ring are interior oceans. The exterior ocean is separated from the interior oceans by the subduction ring and bordered by external accretionary orogens. Wilson cycle tectonics dominate the interior continental cell, conversely, subduction of the exterior ocean is doubly vergent and lacks continent–continent collision. For the exterior ocean to close, the subduction ring must collapse upon itself, leading to the collision of external accretionary orogens. Employing this definition, Rodinia formed by extroversion, but all other supercontinents formed by introversion.

Funder

Australian Research Council

Publisher

Geological Society of London

Subject

Geology,Ocean Engineering,Water Science and Technology

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