The Atlantic Jigsaw Puzzle and the geoheritage of Angola

Author:

Jacobs Louis L.1ORCID,Schröder Stefan2ORCID,de Sousa Nair3,Dixon Richard2,Fiordalisi Edoardo2,Marechal Arthur45,Mateus Octávio45,Nsungani Pedro Claude6,Polcyn Michael J.1,Pereira Gustavo do Couto Ramos2,Rochelle-Bates Nathan2,Schulp Anne S.78ORCID,Scotese Christopher R.9,Sharp Ian10,Silvano Carlos Gaudari45ORCID,Swart Roger11,Vineyard Diana P.1

Affiliation:

1. Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA

2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

3. Department of Geosciences and Technology, African Circular Business Alliance, Comuna de Camama, No C-2-1, Luanda, Angola

4. Museu da Lourinhã, 2530-158 Lourinhã, Portugal

5. GEOBIOTEC, Department of Earth Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal

6. Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Agostinho Neto, 374J + R8F, Luanda, Angola

7. Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands

8. Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands

9. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA

10. Equinor ASA, PO Box 7200, Bergen, Norway

11. BlackGold Geosciences cc, PO Box 24287, Windhoek, Namibia

Abstract

Abstract The jigsaw-puzzle fit of South America and Africa is an icon of plate tectonics and continental drift. Fieldwork in Angola since 2002 allows the correlation of onshore outcrops and offshore geophysical and well-core data in the context of rift, sag, salt, and post-salt drift phases of the opening of the central South Atlantic. These outcrops, ranging in age from >130 Ma to <71 Ma, record Early Cretaceous outpouring of the Etendeka–Paraná Large Igneous Province (Bero Volcanic Complex) and rifting, followed by continental carbonate and siliciclastic deposition (Tumbalunda Formation) during the sagging of the nascent central South Atlantic basin. By the Aptian, evaporation of sea water resulted in thick salt deposits (Bambata Formation), terminated by seafloor spreading. The Equatorial Atlantic Gateway began opening by the early Late Cretaceous (100 Ma) and allowed flow of currents between the North and South Atlantic, creating environmental conditions that heralded the introduction of marine reptiles. These dramatic outcrops are a unique element of geoheritage because they arguably comprise the most complete terrestrially exposed geological record of the puzzle-like icon of continental drift.

Publisher

Geological Society of London

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