Porphyry Cu–Au ± Mo mineralization hosted by potassic igneous rocks: implications from the giant Peschanka porphyry deposit, Baimka Trend (North East Siberia, Russia)

Abstract

AbstractPorphyry Cu–Au ± Mo mineralization at Peschanka is hosted by monzodiorite and monzonite intrusions with high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic compositions and dated at about 144.1 ± 1.5 Ma, using U/Pb zircon ages. The Cretaceous intrusions are emplaced in a melange of Cretaceous island arcs, a tectonic setting comparable with other world-class porphyry Cu–Au deposits, such as Oyu Tolgoi, Mongolia and Pebble, Alaska. Abundant primary magnetite contents of the Peschanka intrusions, as well as numerous gypsum and anhydrite veins, reflect the high oxidation states of their parental magmas. This mineralogical interpretation is confirmed by high whole-rock Fe2O3/FeO ratios and high V/Sc ratios of the rocks of up to 1.27 and up to 21.9, respectively. The whole-rock Eu/Eu* ratios of the Peschanka intrusions are ≥1 which is also typical for potassic igneous rocks with high oxidation states. Abundant amphibole and biotite phenocrysts of the intrusions as well as their high whole-rock Sr/Y ratios of up to 225 document significantly high H2O contents of the high-K magmas. Peschanka contains a resource of >9.5 Mt of copper at an average grade of 0.43 wt% and 16.5 Moz of gold at a high average grade of 0.23 g/t and thus represents one of the largest undeveloped greenfield copper projects worldwide. The vicinity of Peschanka still offers significant brownfield exploration potential. The hypogene vein-related and disseminated Cu–Au ± Mo sulfide mineralization at Peschanka is structurally controlled by significant NE-trending strike-slips that acted as the conduits for the hydrothermal fluids. The central part of the orebody consists of high-grade north–south-trending sheeted quartz–bornite veining with unusually high vein densities. The highest Cu and Au grades are directly correlated with high vein densities. Peschanka is defined by distinct hydrothermal alteration zones including potassic, phyllic, propylitic and argillic assemblages, but a distinct lack of advanced argillic alteration. The mineralization itself is also zoned ranging from a central Mo–Cpy–Bn sulfide assemblage to a peripheral Py–Mt-dominated zone (‘pyrite-shell’). Late-stage polymetallic assemblages overprint and surround the main stockwork zone.