1. Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
2. Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
3. School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
4. High Speed Two (HS2) Ltd, Birmingham B4 6GA, UK