Overview of Biomedical Materials

Abstract

Biomedical materials are synthetic polymers, metals, ceramics, inorganics, and natural macromolecules (biopolymers), that are manufactured or processed to be suitable for use in or as medical devices or prostheses. These materials typically come in contact with cells, proteins, tissues, organs, and organ systems. They can be implanted for long-term use, e.g., an arrtificial hip, or for temporary use, e.g., an intravenous catheter. Except in isolated cases when a material is used by itself, such as collagen injections for filling soft tissue defects, biomedical materials are used as a component in a medical device. The form of the material (perhaps a textile) how it interfaces (blood contacting, for instance), and its time of use will determine its required properties. A material's use needs to be viewed in the context of the total device and its interface with the body. One material property alone is unlikely to lead to a successful and durable device, but the failure to address a key property can lead to device failure. Until recently, medical-grade polymers, ceramics, inorganics, and metals were purified versions of commercial-grade materials. A variety of polymers, biopolymers, and inorganics is now being specifically developed for medical applications. Table I summarizes the types of biomedical materials.