To address the immense need to strengthen the health workforce, as influenced by graduation rate of health sciences students, dropout rate, academic adjustment, and performance, this study is focused to determine the difference in the academic adjustment and performance of first-year students in the health sciences courses in the Philippines. In addition, the study seeks to determine the moderating effect of senior high school strand on the relationship between academic adjustment and performance among Filipino freshmen college students. A sample of 14,062 participants in different health science disciplines at 79 higher education institutions (HEIs) in the Philippines were recruited to answer survey questionnaires. Descriptive analysis revealed that among the sample, students from STEM senior high school (SHS) strand obtained the highest levels of academic adjustment and performance. One-Way ANOVA revealed that there was a significant difference in the academic adjustment and performance when students are stratified according to SHS strand. Moreover, moderation analysis showed that SHS strand significantly moderates the relationship between academic adjustment and performance. Findings of the study have several implications to theory and education practice.