Could Emergency Diseases Surveillance Systems Be Transitioned to Routine Surveillance Systems? A Proposed Transition Strategy for Early Warning, Alert, and Response Network

Abstract

In humanitarian emergencies, traditional disease surveillance systems either do not exist to begin with or come under stress due to a huge influx of internal or external migrants. However, cramped camps with an unreliable supply of safe water and weak sanitation systems are the ideal setting for major disease outbreaks of all kinds. The Early Warning, Alert and Response Network (EWARN) has been supported by the WHO since the late 1990s to ensure health system capacity to identify and control risks early before they become major epidemics. These systems have been proven to be an excellent asset in reducing morbidity and mortality in humanitarian crises around the world. However, there is also a global challenge of transitioning them back to a regular or national monitoring system in their respective countries. This article is the result of in-country consultations arranged by the Eastern Mediterranean office of the World Health Organization. In these consultations, the unique local conditions and limitations of different countries were discussed to identify a way forward for transitioning these emergency disease surveillance systems into regular systems. After these discussions, different options were presented which could be further modified according to local needs. As there has not been any documented evidence of a successful transition of any emergency surveillance system, it is difficult to discuss or determine the gold standard for transition. As with any public health program being practiced in the field, local decision-making with some broad guidelines will be the best approach available. This article provides these guidelines and practical steps which could be further modified according to country needs.