Author:
McClain Abby M.,Field Cara L.,Norris Tenaya A.,Borremans Benny,Duignan Pàdraig J.,Johnson Shawn P.,Whoriskey Sophie T.,Thompson-Barbosa Lorraine,Gulland Frances M. D.
Abstract
IntroductionDomoic acid (DA) is a glutaminergic excitatory neurotoxin that causes the morbidity and mortality of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus; CSL) and other marine mammals due to a suite of effects mostly on the nervous and cardiac systems. Between 1998 and 2019, 11,737 live-stranded CSL were admitted to The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC; Sausalito, CA, USA), over 2,000 of which were intoxicated by DA. A plethora of clinical research has been performed over the past 20 years to characterize the range of toxic effects of DA exposure on CSLs, generating the largest dataset on the effects of natural exposure to this toxin in wildlife.Materials and methodsIn this study, we review published methods for diagnosing DA intoxication, clinical presentation, and treatment of DA-intoxicated CSL and present a practical, reproducible scoring system called the neuroscore (NS) to help assess whether a DA-affected CSL is fit for release to the wild following rehabilitation. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships between outcome (released vs. euthanized or died) and multiple variables to predict the outcome for a subset of 92 stranded CSLs.ResultsThe largest proportion of DA-intoxicated CSLs was adult females (58.6%). The proportions of acute and chronic cases were 63.5 and 36.5% respectively, with 44% of affected CSL released and 56% either dying naturally or euthanized. The average time in rehabilitation was 15.9 days (range 0–169) for all outcomes. The best-performing model (85% accuracy; area under the curve = 0.90) assessing the relationship between outcome and predictor variables consisted of four variables: final NS, change in NS over time, whether the animal began eating in rehabilitation, and the state of nutrition on admission.DiscussionOur results provide longitudinal information on the symptomatology of CSL intoxicated by domoic acid and suggest that a behavioral scoring system is a useful tool to assess the fitness for the release of DA-intoxicated CSL.
Reference56 articles.
1. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: new research since 2011;Bates;Harmful Algae.,2018
2. Public health risks associated with chronic, low-level domoic acid exposure: a review of the evidence;Petroff;Pharmacol Ther.,2021
3. Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States: history, current status and future trends;Anderson;Harmful Algae.,2021
4. Novel symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): an increasing risk to marine mammal health;Goldstein;Proc R Soc B Biol Sci.,2008
5. Domoic acid toxicity in Californian sea lions (Zalophus californianus): clinical signs, treatment and survival;Gulland;Vet Rec.,2002
Cited by
1 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献