Detection of Generalized Tonic–Clonic Seizures in Dogs With a Seizure Detection System Established Using Acceleration Data and the Mahalanobis Distance: A Preliminary Study

Abstract

Caregivers of dogs with epilepsy experience severe stress due to unpredictable seizures. Hence, they feel the need for a better management strategy. A seizure detection system (SDS), which can identify seizures and provide notifications to caregivers immediately, is required to address this issue. The current study aimed to establish a wearable automatic SDS using acceleration data and the Mahalanobis distance and to preliminarily investigate its feasibility among dogs. A generalized tonic–clonic seizure (GTCS) was targeted because it is the most common type of seizure and can have serious consequences (i.e., status epilepticus). This study comprised three phases. First, the reference datasets of epileptic and non-epileptic activities were established using acceleration data of GTCSs in 3 dogs and daily activities in 27 dogs. Second, the GTCS-detecting algorithm was created using the reference datasets and was validated using other acceleration data of GTCSs in 4 epileptic dogs and daily activities in 27 dogs. Third, a feasibility test of the SDS prototype was performed in three dogs with epilepsy. The algorithm was effective in identifying all acceleration data of GTCSs as seizures and all acceleration data of daily activities as non-seizure activities. Dogs with epilepsy were monitored with the prototype for 48–72 h, and three GTCSs were identified. The prototype detected all GTCSs accurately. A false positive finding was not obtained unless the accelerometer was displaced. Hence, a method that can detect epileptic seizures, particularly GTCSs, was established. Nevertheless, further large-scale studies must be conducted before the method can be commercialized.