High nitrate levels in skeletal muscle contribute to nitric oxide generation via a nitrate/nitrite reductive pathway in mice that lack the nNOS enzyme

Abstract

Introduction:Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator gas that plays a critical role in mitochondrial respiration and skeletal muscle function. NO is endogenously generated by NO synthases: neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), or inducible NO synthase (iNOS). NO in skeletal muscle is partly generated by nNOS, and nNOS deficiency can contribute to muscular dystrophic diseases. However, we and others discovered an alternative nitrate/nitrite reductive pathway for NO generation: nitrate to nitrite to NO. We hypothesized that nitrate supplementation would increase nitrate accumulation in skeletal muscle and promote a nitrate/nitrite reductive pathway for NO production to compensate for the loss of nNOS in skeletal muscle.Methods:Wild-type (WT) and genetic nNOS knockout (nNOS−/−) mice were fed normal chow (386.9 nmol/g nitrate) and subjected to three treatments: high-nitrate water (1 g/L sodium nitrate for 7 days), low-nitrate diet (46.8 nmol/g nitrate for 7 days), and low-nitrate diet followed by high-nitrate water for 7 days each.Results:High-nitrate water supplementation exhibited a greater and more significant increase in nitrate levels in skeletal muscle and blood in nNOS−/− mice than in WT mice. A low-nitrate diet decreased blood nitrate and nitrite levels in both WT and nNOS−/− mice. WT and nNOS−/− mice, treated with low-nitrate diet, followed by high-nitrate water supplementation, showed a significant increase in nitrate levels in skeletal muscle and blood, analogous to the increases observed in nNOS−/− mice supplemented with high-nitrate water. In skeletal muscle of nNOS−/− mice on high-nitrate water supplementation, on low-nitrate diet, and in low–high nitrate treatment, the loss of nNOS resulted in a corresponding increase in the expression of nitrate/nitrite reductive pathway-associated nitrate transporters [sialin and chloride channel 1 (CLC1)] and nitrate/nitrite reductase [xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)] but did not show a compensatory increase in iNOS or eNOS protein and eNOS activation activity [p-eNOS (Ser1177)].Discussion:These findings suggest that a greater increase in nitrate levels in skeletal muscle of nNOS−/− mice on nitrate supplementation results from reductive processes to increase NO production with the loss of nNOS in skeletal muscle.