Automated Discrimination of Cough in Audio Recordings: A Scoping Review

Abstract

The COVID-19 virus has irrevocably changed the world since 2020, and its incredible infectivity and severity have sent a majority of countries into lockdown. The virus’s incubation period can reach up to 14 days, enabling asymptomatic hosts to transmit the virus to many others in that period without realizing it, thus making containment difficult. Without actively getting tested each day, which is logistically improbable, it would be very difficult for one to know if they had the virus during the incubation period. The objective of this paper’s systematic review is to compile the different tools used to identify coughs and ascertain how artificial intelligence may be used to discriminate a cough from another type of cough. A systematic search was performed on Google Scholar, PubMed, and MIT library search engines to identify papers relevant to cough detection, discrimination, and epidemiology. A total of 204 papers have been compiled and reviewed and two datasets have been discussed. Cough recording datasets such as the ESC-50 and the FSDKaggle 2018 and 2019 datasets can be used for neural networking and identifying coughs. For cough discrimination techniques, neural networks such as k-NN, Feed Forward Neural Network, and Random Forests are used, as well as Support Vector Machine and naive Bayesian classifiers. Some methods propose hybrids. While there are many proposed ideas for cough discrimination, the method best suited for detecting COVID-19 coughs within this urgent time frame is not known. The main contribution of this review is to compile information on what has been researched on machine learning algorithms and its effectiveness in diagnosing COVID-19, as well as highlight the areas of debate and future areas for research. This review will aid future researchers in taking the best course of action for building a machine learning algorithm to discriminate COVID-19 related coughs with great accuracy and accessibility.