Author:
Al-Khazali Haidar Muhsen,Ashina Håkan,Iljazi Afrim,Al-Sayegh Zainab,Lipton Richard B.,Ashina Messoud,Ashina Sait,Schytz Henrik W.
Abstract
BackgroundAnxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and sleep disturbance are reported following whiplash injury. However, the prevalence of these condition varies among studies. In this review, anxiety, depression, PTSD, and sleep disturbance will be referred as psychiatric outcomes.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search on PubMed and Embase (from database inception until March 20, 2021) to identify studies reporting on the relative frequency of these psychiatric outcomes. Three independent investigators screened titles, abstracts and full-texts. Studies including patients with whiplash injury and where the number of patients with whiplash and anxiety, depression, PTSD, or sleep disturbances could be extrapolated, were included. Furthermore, to be included, studies had to defined psychiatric outcomes in accordance with diagnostic criteria [i.e., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)] or by use of a validated instrument with cut-off scores for assessing psychiatric symptoms. Quality rating was done using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) on the included studies. A protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021232037).ResultsThe literature search identified 5,068 citations, of which five articles were eligible for inclusion. The relative frequency of depressive symptoms following whiplash injury was 32.8% at 6 months, and 34.0% at 6–12 months. The relative frequency of PTSD symptoms after whiplash injury was 9.0–22.3% at 3 months, 15.8% at 6 months and 14.6–17.1% at 12 months. No studies evaluating the relative frequency of anxiety and sleep disturbances were eligible for inclusion.Discussion and ConclusionOur results suggest that there are persistent psychiatric outcomes following whiplash trauma. However, we found considerable heterogeneity among the studies. Thus, we have focused on the most notable limitations of the included studies: 1) small sample sizes, 2) differences in enrollment criteria, 3) lack of control groups, 4) considerable variation in the method used for outcome assessment, 5) directionality of association is difficult to determine and 6) incomplete assessment of compensation factors. We highlight these methodological limitations and outline recommendations for future research. Since psychiatric outcomes are potentially modifiable, future studies should optimize and address the identified methodological limitations so psychiatric sequelae following whiplash injury may be prevented.
Subject
Psychiatry and Mental health
Reference50 articles.
1. Scientific monograph of the quebec task force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining “whiplash” and its management;Spitzer;Spine,1995
2. Whiplash and sport;Albano,2014
3. Sex differences in neck strength and head impact kinematics in university rugby union players;Williams;Eur J Sport Sci.,2021
4. Whiplash in individuals with known pre-accident, clinical neck status;Sjaastad;J Headache Pain.,2006
5. Headache subsequent to whiplash;Sjaastad;Current pain and headache reports.,2009
Cited by
3 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献