Electrocardiographic Characteristics and Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias Originating From the Moderator Band in Children

Abstract

AimsTo investigate the electrocardiographic (ECG) characteristics and catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) originating from the moderator band (MB) in children.MethodsA total of six children who had VAs originating from the MB—as confirmed by electrophysiological study—and who underwent catheter ablation between January 2016 and December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. During the procedure, a three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system was used to facilitate three-dimensional anatomical reconstruction, mapping and ablation. Patients' clinical characteristics, ECG features and procedural data were collected and analyzed.ResultsThe mean age was 8.4 ± 2.6 years (range: 5.3–11 years) and mean weight was 27.7 ± 11.4 kg (range: 17–47 kg). Four patients presented with frequent premature ventricular contraction (PVC), one patient presented with frequent PVC and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, and one patient presented with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. The QRS duration averaged 126.3 ± 4.6 ms. In all patients, the VAs had left bundle branch block QRS with left superior frontal plane axes, rapid downstrokes of the QRS in the precordial leads, and late precordial transitions (>V4). During the same period, 10 cases of VAs originated from the posterior-lateral wall of the tricuspid annulus, with a mean QRS duration of 152.8 ± 6.4 ms. Compared to that, VAs of MB origin have narrower QRS widths, downstroke slopes in the inferior lead, sharper downstroke slopes in the precordial lead, and smaller R-wave amplitudes in the V6 lead. All patients experienced immediate ablation success with activations earlier than QRS by 26.0 ± 3.5 ms, and no procedural complications occurring. Only one case had recurrent PVC during a follow-up period ranging from 6 to 36 months.ConclusionMB VAs in children have distinctive ECG morphology and electrophysiological characteristics. Catheter ablation using a three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system is safe and effective in these patients.