Immunohistochemical Expression of Five Protein Combinations Revealed as Prognostic Markers in Asian Oral Cancer

Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a high mortality rate (∼50%), and the 5-year overall survival rate is not optimal. Cyto- and histopathological examination of cancer tissues is the main strategy for diagnosis and treatment. In the present study, we aimed to uncover immunohistochemical (IHC) markers for prognosis in Asian OSCC. From the collected 742 synthetic lethal gene pairs (of various cancer types), we first filtered genes relevant to OSCC, performed 29 IHC stains at different cellular portions and combined these IHC stains into 398 distinct pairs. Next, we identified novel IHC prognostic markers in OSCC among Taiwanese population, from the single and paired IHC staining by univariate Cox regression analysis. Increased nuclear expression of RB1 [RB1(N)↑], CDH3(C)↑-STK17A(N)↑ and FLNA(C)↑-KRAS(C)↑were associated with survival, but not independent of tumor stage, where C and N denote cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively. Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that CSNK1E(C)↓-SHC1(N)↓ (P = 5.9 × 10–5; recommended for clinical use), BRCA1(N)↓-SHC1(N)↓ (P = 0.030), CSNK1E(C)↓-RB1(N)↑ (P = 0.045), [CSNK1E(C)-SHC1(N), FLNA(C)-KRAS(C)] (P = 0.000, rounded to three decimal places) and [BRCA1(N)-SHC1(N), FLNA(C)-KRAS(C)] (P = 0.020) were significant factors of poor prognosis, independent of lymph node metastasis, stage and alcohol consumption. An external dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas HNSCC cohort confirmed that CDH3↑-STK17A↑ was a significant predictor of poor survival. Our approach identified prognostic markers with components involved in different pathways and revealed IHC marker pairs while neither single IHC was a marker, thus it improved the current state-of-the-art for identification of IHC markers.