Autonomic modulation by SGLT2i or DPP4i in patients with diabetes favors cardiovascular outcomes as revealed by skin sympathetic nerve activity

Abstract

BackgroundSodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) are important second-line treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients taking SGLT2i have favorable cardiovascular outcomes via various mechanisms, including autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation. This study aimed to use neuro-electrocardiography (neuECG) to test the effects of SGLT2i or DPP4i on the ANS.MethodsPatients with T2DM, who did not reach target hemoglobin (Hb)A1C levels despite metformin treatment, were enrolled. SGLT2i or DPP4i were prescribed randomly unless a compelling indication was present. NeuECG and heart rate were recorded for 10 min before and after a 3-month treatment. The patients were treated according to standard practice and the obtained data for skin sympathetic nerve activity (SKNA) and ANS entropy were analyzed offline.ResultsWe enrolled 96 patients, of which 49 received SGLT2i and 47 received DPP4i. The baseline parameters were similar between the groups. No adverse event was seen during the study period. In the burst analysis of SKNA at baseline, all parameters were similar. After the 3-month treatment, the firing frequency was higher in SGLT2i group (0.104 ± 0.045 vs 0.083 ± 0.033 burst/min, p < 0.05), with increased long firing duration (7.34 ± 3.66 vs 5.906 ± 2.921, p < 0.05) in 3-s aSKNA scale; the other parameters did not show any significant change. By symbolic entropy, the most complex patterns (Rank 3) were found to be significantly higher in SGLT2i-treated patients than in DDP4i-treated group (0.084 ± 0.028 vs 0.07 ± 0.024, p = 0.01) and the direction of change in Rank 3, after SGLT2i treatment, was opposite to that observed in the DDP4i group (0.012 ± 0.036 vs. −0.005 ± 0.037, p = 0.024). Our findings demonstrated the favorable autonomic modulation by SGLTi and the detrimental effects of DPP4i on ANS.ConclusionWe demonstrated the autonomic modulation by SGLTi and DPP4i using SKNA in patients with DM, which might provide insights into the favorable outcomes of SGLT2i. Furthermore, we refined the analytical methods of neuECG, which uses SKNA to evaluate autonomic function.