Atrophy of hippocampal subfields relates to memory decline during the pathological progression of Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract

BackgroundIt has been well documented that atrophy of hippocampus and hippocampal subfields is closely linked to cognitive decline in normal aging and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, evidence is still sparce regarding the atrophy of hippocampus and hippocampal subfields in normal aging adults who later developed MCI or AD.ObjectiveTo examine whether atrophy of hippocampus and hippocampal subfields has occurred in normal aging before a diagnosis of MCI or AD.MethodsWe analyzed structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of cognitively normal (CN, n = 144), MCI (n = 90), and AD (n = 145) participants obtained from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. The CN participants were categorized into early dementia converters (CN-C) and non-converters (CN-NC) based on their scores of clinical dementia rating after an average of 36.2 months (range: 6–105 months). We extracted the whole hippocampus and hippocampal subfields for each participant using FreeSurfer, and analyzed the differences in volumes of hippocampus and hippocampal subfields between groups. We then examined the associations between volume of hippocampal subfields and delayed recall scores in each group separately.ResultsHippocampus and most of the hippocampal subfields demonstrated significant atrophy during the progression of AD. The CN-C and CN-NC groups differed in the left hippocampus–amygdala transition area (HATA). Furthermore, the volume of presubiculum was significantly correlated with delayed recall scores in the CN-NC and AD groups, but not in the CN-C and MCI groups.ConclusionHippocampal subfield atrophy (i.e., left HATA) had occurred in cognitively normal elderly individuals before clinical symptoms were recognized. Significant associations of presubiculum with delayed recall scores in the CN-NC and AD groups highlight the essential role of the hippocampal subfields in both early dementia detection and AD progression.