Blood cadmium level as a risk factor for chronic pain: NHANES database 1999–2004

Abstract

ObjectiveThe escalating prevalence of chronic pain poses a substantial socio-economic burden. Chronic pain primarily stems from musculoskeletal and nervous system impairments. Given cadmium's known toxicity to these systems, our study sought to investigate the correlation between blood cadmium levels and chronic pain.MethodsThe cross-sectional study was conducted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999–2004), and comprised US adults who participated in a chronic pain interview. We employed logistic regression models and smooth curve fitting to elucidate the relationship between blood cadmium levels and chronic pain.ResultsOur findings revealed a linear association between blood cadmium levels and chronic pain. Compared to the lower blood cadmium tertile 1 (<0.3 ug/dL), the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for tertile 2 (0.3–0.4 ug/dL), and tertile 3 (≥0.5 ug/dL), were 1.11 (0.96–1.29) and 1.2 (1.03–1.39), respectively. Sensitivity analyses corroborated these results.ConclusionElevated levels of blood cadmium are associated with a heightened risk of chronic pain among adults in the United States. Mitigating cadmium exposure could potentially decrease the risk of chronic pain, thereby enhancing strategies for chronic pain prevention and management.