Secular Trends in the Prevalence of and Disability-Adjusted Life Years Due to Common Micronutrient Deficiencies in China From 1990 to 2019: An Age-Period-Cohort Study and Joinpoint Analysis

Abstract

BackgroundUnderstanding the national burdens and trends of micronutrient deficiencies can help guide effective intervention strategies. However, there is a lack of evidence of secular trends and age and sex differences in China. This study aims to elucidate trends in common micronutrient deficiencies, in particular, dietary iron, iodine and vitamin A deficiencies in China, from 1990 to 2019 using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study data.MethodsPrevalence and DALYs trends of common micronutrient deficiencies from 1990 to 2019 were assessed by joinpoint regression analysis. Age, period and cohort effects on the prevalence of common micronutrient deficiencies were estimated by an age-period-cohort model.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized prevalence rates of iodine, vitamin A and dietary iron deficiencies changed by −0.6% (95% CI: −0.7% to −0.5%), −6.3% (−6.6% to −6.0%), and −3.5% (−3.6% to −3.4%) in males and + 0.8% (+ 0.6% to + 1.0%), −4.5% (−4.8% to −4.2%), and −3.3% (−3.4% to −3.2%) in females, respectively. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in the iodine deficiency prevalence increased in females aged 20 years and older. The relative risk (RR) of iodine deficiency associated with the age effect peaked at 30–34 years of age and then decreased with increasing age. The RR of vitamin A deficiency decreased with age. The age distribution of the RR of iron deficiency differed significantly between sexes. The RRs of vitamin A deficiency and dietary iron deficiency decreased over time, whereas the RR of iodine deficiency substantially increased starting in 2004. The RRs of iodine deficiency and dietary iron deficiency associated with the cohort effect decreased, but the vitamin A deficiency prevalence increased in successive birth cohorts.ConclusionMicronutrient deficiency prevalence rates and associated DALYs decreased from 1990 to 2019 in China. Young adults, children aged less than 5 years, and older individuals were disproportionately affected by iodine, vitamin A, and dietary iron deficiencies, respectively. The results of this study may help identify individuals who would benefit from interventions to improve micronutrient deficiency.