Wheat ATIs: Characteristics and Role in Human Disease

Author:

Geisslitz Sabrina,Shewry Peter,Brouns Fred,America Antoine H. P.,Caio Giacomo Pietro Ismaele,Daly Matthew,D'Amico Stefano,De Giorgio Roberto,Gilissen Luud,Grausgruber Heinrich,Huang Xin,Jonkers Daisy,Keszthelyi Daniel,Larré Colette,Masci Stefania,Mills Clare,Møller Marie Sofie,Sorrells Mark E.,Svensson Birte,Zevallos Victor F.,Weegels Peter Louis

Abstract

Amylase/trypsin-inhibitors (ATIs) comprise about 2–4% of the total wheat grain proteins and may contribute to natural defense against pests and pathogens. However, they are currently among the most widely studied wheat components because of their proposed role in adverse reactions to wheat consumption in humans. ATIs have long been known to contribute to IgE-mediated allergy (notably Bakers' asthma), but interest has increased since 2012 when they were shown to be able to trigger the innate immune system, with attention focused on their role in coeliac disease which affects about 1% of the population and, more recently, in non-coeliac wheat sensitivity which may affect up to 10% of the population. This has led to studies of their structure, inhibitory properties, genetics, control of expression, behavior during processing, effects on human adverse reactions to wheat and, most recently, strategies to modify their expression in the plant using gene editing. We therefore present an integrated account of this range of research, identifying inconsistencies, and gaps in our knowledge and identifying future research needs.Note This paper is the outcome of an invited international ATI expert meeting held in Amsterdam, February 3-5 2020

Publisher

Frontiers Media SA

Subject

Nutrition and Dietetics,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,Food Science

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