Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] Cultivars Differ in Apparent Base Temperature and Growing Degree Hour Requirement for Floral Bud Break

Abstract

Bud break timing in peach [Prunus persica(L.) Batsch] is determined by the sequential fulfillment of a chilling requirement (CR) and a heat requirement (HR) for development. Genotypic variation in CR has been well characterized in peach. Adapting peaches to low chilling environment through reduced CR can make them susceptible to crop destroying spring frosts, if bloom occurs too early. Potential variation in HR between accessions has received less attention due to the methodological difficulty in assessing HR independently of CR. HR could vary in the magnitude of growing degree hours (GDHs) and/or the base temperature at which GDH accumulation begins. Characterizing HR traits in peach accessions could allow improved bloom time modeling and selection of phenotypes with improved spring frost avoidance through delayed bloom. We estimated GDH and apparent base temperature for floral bud break by observing time to floral bud break at several constant forcing temperatures. We evaluated 54 peach accessions (representing a range of CR) in which chilling had been saturated after >1,700 h at 3°C. Accessions differed widely in both the GDH requirement (2,015 to 11,191°C⋅h) and apparent base temperature (−1.85 to 8.69°C) for GDH accumulation. GDH and apparent base temperature were negatively correlated. A simulation exercise was performed to assess relative importance of varying base temperature vs. GDH for delaying bloom at different chilling accumulations at three locations in the southeastern United States using 30 years of historical weather data. The aim of this study was to determine whether there may be unrecognized diversity in peach germplasm for two HR traits (base temperature and thermal time) to enable breeding efforts to delay floral bud break and reduce the frost exposure risk of developing flowers and fruits. Our results suggest that selecting cultivars for increased GDH would be a safer, more reliable strategy for delaying bloom than increasing base temperature for GDH accumulation.