Case Report: Moving Tumor-Like Foci Behind Refractory Epilepsy-Cerebral Sparganosis Successfully Treated by Surgery After Failure of Praziquantel Treatment

Abstract

Cerebral sparganosis is clinically non-specific and easily misdiagnosed, exposing patients to the risk of severe brain damage and neurological dysfunction caused by actively migrating larvae. Diagnostic biomarkers from typical cases can help to establish an early diagnosis and proper treatment. We present a 25-year-old woman who suffered from 9 years of refractory epilepsy and was misdiagnosed with glioma and subjected to surgery. The postoperative pathology confirmed granuloma, and the tumor-like foci reappeared 3 months later. Along with the “tunnel sign” on MRI, cerebral sparganosis was suspected and confirmed by positive serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibodies against Spirometra mansoni. The patient visited us after a failure of four cycles of praziquantel treatment, recurrent seizures and hemiplegia with basal ganglia foci. Craniotomy was not carried out until the larva moved to the superficial lobe on follow-up MRIs, and pathology revealed sparganosis granuloma. The patient became seizure-free and recovered myodynamia but had long-lasting cognitive dysfunction due to severe brain damage. This case indicated the importance of tunnel signs and moving tumor-like foci on MRI as diagnostic clues of cerebral sparganosis. An early diagnosis is vitally important to avoid severe neural dysfunction by the long-living and moving larvae. Surgical removal of the larva is a critical remedy for cases failed by praziquantel treatment.