Risks of suicide in migraine, non-migraine headache, back, and neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on suicidal ideation, attempts, and death in patients with head, neck, and back pain.MethodSearch was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from the date of the first available article through September 31, 2021. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between suicidal ideation and/or attempt and head, back/neck pain conditions. Articles describing non-migraine headache disorders and death by suicide were also reviewed but not included in the meta-analysis due to an insufficient number of studies.ResultsA total of 20 studies met criteria for systemic review. A total of 186,123 migraine patients and 135,790 of neck/back pain patients from 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that the estimated risk of combined suicidal ideation and attempt in migraine [OR 2.49; 95% CI: 2.15–2.89] is greater than that in back/neck pain pain [OR 2.00; 95% CI: 1.63–2.45] compared to non-pain control groups. Risk of suicide ideation/planning is 2 folds higher [OR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.92–2.16] and risk of suicide attempt is more than 3 folds higher [OR: 3.47; 95% CI: 2.68–4.49] in migraine as compared to healthy controls.ConclusionThere is an elevated risk of suicidal ideation and attempt in both migraine and neck/back pain patients in comparison to healthy controls, and this risk is particularly higher among migraine patients. This study underscores the critical need for suicide prevention in migraine patients.