Migrainous vertigo impairs adaptive learning as a function of uncertainty

Abstract

ObjectiveIn this study, we examined whether vestibular migraine, as a source of increased perceptual uncertainty due to the associated dizziness, interferes with adaptive learning.MethodsThe IOWA gambling task (IGT) was used to assess adaptive learning in both healthy controls and patients with migraine-related dizziness. Participants were presented with four decks of cards (A, B, C, and D) and requested to select a card over 100 trials. Participants received a monetary reward or a penalty with equal probability when they selected a card. Card decks A and B (high-risk decks) involved high rewards (win £100) and high penalties (lose £250), whereas C and D (low-risk decks; favorable reward-to-punishment ratio) involved lower rewards (win £50) and penalties (lose £50). Task success required participants to decide (i.e., adaptively learn) through the feedback they received that C and D were the advantageous decks.ResultsThe study revealed that patients with vestibular migraine selected more high-risk cards than the control group. Chronic vestibular migraine patients showed delayed improvement in task performance than those with acute presentation. Only in acute vestibular migraine patients, we observed that impaired learning positively correlated with measures of dizzy symptoms.ConclusionThe findings of this study have clinical implications for how vestibular migraine can affect behavioural adaption in patients, either directly through altered perception or indirectly by impacting cognitive processes that can result in maladaptive behavior.