A Process-Model for Minimizing Adverse Effects when Using Head Mounted Display-Based Virtual Reality for Individuals with Autism

Abstract

Interest in the use of virtual reality technologies for individuals with autism spectrum disorders has been increasing for over two decades. Recently, research interest has been growing in the area of head mounted display-based virtual reality technologies, thanks to increased availability and affordability. Affordances and theorized benefits of headset-based virtual reality for individuals with autism spectrum disorders are quite promising. However, very little attention has been given in the literature to implementation safety and ethics. This is a particular concern in light of documented adverse effects associated with headset-based virtual reality. To approach this gap, this article details how the authors approached the issue of minimizing adverse effects with related and overlapping methods, but from two separate, independent research sites—one in the United States and one in the United Kingdom. A structured within- and across-case analysis of the two independent studies was conducted to identify central implementation processes and procedures. Analysis resulted in development of a model for minimizing potential adverse effects of headset-based virtual reality for this population. We assert that our model could provide clarity in terms of design and implementation of headset-based virtual reality for individuals with autism spectrum disorders, guide implementations of future researchers and practitioners, and contribute to minimizing and controlling for potential adverse effects.