Author:
Martel Fabiola,Cuervo-Rojas Juliana,Ángel Juana,Ariza Beatriz,González John Mario,Ramírez-Santana Carolina,Acosta-Ampudia Yeny,Murcia-Soriano Luisa,Montoya Norma,Cardozo-Romero Claudia Cecilia,Valderrama-Beltrán Sandra Liliana,Cepeda Magda,Castellanos Julio César,Gómez-Restrepo Carlos,Perdomo-Celis Federico,Gazquez Andreu,Dickson Alexandria,Brien James D.,Mateus José,Grifoni Alba,Sette Alessandro,Weiskopf Daniela,Franco Manuel A.
Abstract
The SARS CoV-2 antibody and CD4+ T cell responses induced by natural infection and/or vaccination decline over time and cross-recognize other viral variants at different levels. However, there are few studies evaluating the levels and durability of the SARS CoV-2-specific antibody and CD4+ T cell response against the Mu, Gamma, and Delta variants. Here, we examined, in two ambispective cohorts of naturally-infected and/or vaccinated individuals, the titers of anti-RBD antibodies and the frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells up to 6 months after the last antigen exposure. In naturally-infected individuals, the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response declined 6 months post-symptoms onset. However, the kinetic observed depended on the severity of the disease, since individuals who developed severe COVID-19 maintained the binding antibody titers. Also, there was detectable binding antibody cross-recognition for the Gamma, Mu, and Delta variants, but antibodies poorly neutralized Mu. COVID-19 vaccines induced an increase in antibody titers 15-30 days after receiving the second dose, but these levels decreased at 6 months. However, as expected, a third dose of the vaccine caused a rise in antibody titers. The dynamics of the antibody response upon vaccination depended on the previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Lower levels of vaccine-induced antibodies were associated with the development of breakthrough infections. Vaccination resulted in central memory spike-specific CD4+ T cell responses that cross-recognized peptides from the Gamma and Mu variants, and their duration also depended on previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure. In addition, we found cross-reactive CD4+ T cell responses in unexposed and unvaccinated individuals. These results have important implications for vaccine design for new SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and concern.
Subject
Immunology,Immunology and Allergy
Cited by
3 articles.
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