Macrophage Mediated Immunomodulation During Cryptococcus Pulmonary Infection

Abstract

Macrophages are key cellular components of innate immunity, acting as the first line of defense against pathogens to modulate homeostatic and inflammatory responses. They help clear pathogens and shape the T-cell response through the production of cytokines and chemokines. The facultative intracellular fungal pathogenCryptococcus neoformanshas developed a unique ability to interact with and manipulate host macrophages. These interactions dictate howCryptococcusinfection can remain latent or how dissemination within the host is achieved. In addition, differences in the activities of macrophages have been correlated with differential susceptibilities of hosts toCryptococcusinfection, highlighting the importance of macrophages in determining disease outcomes. There is now abundant information on the interaction betweenCryptococcusand macrophages. In this review we discuss recent advances regarding macrophage origin, polarization, activation, and effector functions duringCryptococcusinfection. The importance of these strategies in pathogenesis and the potential of immunotherapy for cryptococcosis treatment is also discussed.