Seagrass Colonization Alters Diversity, Abundance, Taxonomic, and Functional Community Structure of Benthic Microbial Eukaryotes

Abstract

Seagrass form high productive ecosystems in coastal environments. However, the effects of these coastal plants on the structure and function of the belowground eukaryotic microbiome remain elusive. In this study, we characterized the community of microbial eukaryotes (microeukaryotes) in both vegetated and unvegetated sediments using 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR. Analysis of sequencing data showed that the eelgrass (Zostera marina) colonization decreased the alpha diversity indices of benthic microeukaryotes. Apicomplexa represented an average of 83% of reads across all samples, with a higher proportion at the vegetated sites. The taxonomic community structure was significantly different between these two types of sediments, for which the concentration of NH4+ in sediment porewater and salinity could account. Phylogenetic analyses of long 18S rRNA genes (around 1,030 bp) indicated these apicomplexan parasites are closely related to gregarine Lecudina polymorpha. Determination of 18S rRNA gene abundances provided evidence that the eelgrass markedly promoted the biomass of the gregarine and all microeukaryotes in the seagrass-colonized sediments and confirmed that the gregarine was hosted by a polychaete species. Significantly higher gene abundances of heterotrophs and mixotrophs were found at the vegetated sites, which could be explained by the finer sediments and short supply of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, respectively. The pigmented protists were more abundant in 18S rRNA gene copies at the lower and higher pH levels than at the intermediate. Nevertheless, the fractions of heterotrophs and phototrophs in the community were significantly related to porewater N:P ratio. These results indicate that seagrass colonization significantly induces an increase in overall biomass and a decrease in diversity of benthic microeukaryotes, making them more heterotrophic. This study also highlights that the hotspot of eukaryotic parasites could be linked with the high productivity of a natural ecosystem.