The effect of gut microbiome and plasma metabolome on systemic sclerosis: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Abstract

BackgroundCellular and molecular biology, combined with research on the human microbiome and metabolome, have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, most studies on gut microbiota (GM) and metabolome in SSc are observational studies. The impact of confounding factors and reverse causation leads to different insights. To shed light on this matter, we utilized Mendelian randomization (MR) to determine the causal effect of GM/metabolites on SSc.MethodsBased on summary-level data from genome-wide association studies, bidirectional Two-sample MR was conducted involving 196 GM, 1400 plasma metabolism, and 9,095 SSc. Inverse Variance Weighting (IVW) was mainly used for effect estimation.ResultsForward MR analysis found that three GM and two plasma metabolites are causally related to SSc. IVW results showed Victivallaceae (family) (OR, 1.469; 95%CI, 1.099–1.963; p = 0.009) and LachnospiraceaeUCG004 (genus) (OR, 1.548; 95%CI, 1.020–2.349; p = 0.04) were risk factor of SSc. Conversely, Prevotella7 (genus) (OR, 0.759; 95%CI, 0.578–0.997; p = 0.048)was a protective factor of SSc. The results on plasma metabolites indicated that Pregnenediol disulfate (C21H34O8S2) levels (OR, 1.164; 95%CI, 1.006–1.347; p = 0.041)was a risk factor of SSc, while Sphingomyelin (d18:1/19:0, d19:1/18:0) levels (OR, 0.821; 95%CI, 0.677–0.996; p = 0.045)was a protective factor of SSc. Reverse MR analysis did not find causally relationship between SSc and the above GM/plasma metabolites.ConclusionOur results revealed the causally effect between GM/plasma metabolites and SSc. These findings provided new insights into the mechanism of SSc. In particular, we demonstrated Prevotella7 was a protective factor of SSc despite its controversial role in SSc in previous researches.