Somatostatin Receptor 2: A Potential Predictive Biomarker for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment

Abstract

Somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), the most abundant receptor of somatostatin (SST), possesses immunoreactivity and is altered in many cancers. However, the association between SSTR2 and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has not yet been reported. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) information across 20 cancers was collected from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and used to analyze the expression of SSTR2. Immune signatures collected from public databases, such as BioCarta or Reactome, were used to investigate the association between SSTR2 and the tumor microenviroment in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Data from cohorts treated with ICIs were collected to assess whether SSTR2 is associated with benefits from ICIs treatment. In the HPA, we found the SSTR2 IHC-positive rate of 13 cancers to be above 50%. Five types of cancer express SSTR2 mildly (positive rate: 25%–50%), while the remaining two types of cancer barely stained SSTR2-positive (positive rate: 0%–24%). In TCGA analysis, immune cell signatures and immune function pathways were enriched in high SSTR2 expression groups in most cancers. In each ICIs treated cohort, patients with high SSTR2 expression experienced numerically superior objective response rate (Braun: 14.8% vs 13.4%, p = 0.85; Gide: 69.4% vs 40.5%, p = 0.025; Mariathasan: 22.4% vs 16.7%, p = 0.233; Miao: 37.5% vs 11.8%; Riaz: 32.0% vs 7.7%, p = 0.067) and overall survival (Braun: HR (95%CI): 0.80 [0.62–1.04], p = 0.80; Gide: HR (95%CI): 0.61 [0.29–1.30], p = 0.20; Mariathasan: HR (95%CI): 0.83 [0.64–1.08], p = 0.16; Miao: HR (95%CI): 0.24 [0.086–0.65], p = 0.0028; Nathanson cohort: HR (95%CI): 0 [0-inf], p = 0.18; Riaz: HR (95%CI): 0.24 [0.086–0.65], p = 0.028) than patients with low SSTR2 expression. In pooled cohort, we found these differences were significant (Pool: 24.6% vs 16.7%, p = 0.0077; HR (95% CI): 0.77 [0.65–0.91], p = 0.0018). Our results suggest that SSTR2 is a potential predictive biomarker for response to ICIs.